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Justification of the demand of Pakistan
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
SCIENCE & COMMERCE NOTES
Justification of the demand of Pakistan
INTRODUCTION
Hindus and Muslims had lived peacefully together in India for
centuries,but after the British invation in South Asia and their undue
support to Hindus,life became very difficult for Indian Muslims.In fact,
the Muslims were a separate nation who always adhered to their
religious identity.The British and the Hindus in spite of their great
efforts could not put a wedge into the Muslim unity and their national
image and religious identity.
THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN
The two nation theory was the basis of the struggle for the creation
of Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims were to separate
nations.On one occation ,Quaid-e-Azam said:
"Hindus and Muslims though living in the same towns and villages,had
never been blended into one nation.They were always two separate
entties."
There were a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub
Continent into two nations.Let us examine each of them separately.
1.Religious Differences
Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions.Muslims believe in the Tawheed (Oneness of Allah )
and equality of men.On the other hand ,Hindus believe in multiple Gods
and Hindu society is divided iinto four different classes.Thus there
lies the basic difference between Hindu and Muslim way.
2.Cultural Differences
Hindus and Muslims followed different social customs and
traditions.The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslims
buriedthem.Hindus considered the 'mother cow' as a sacred animal and
worshipped it while Muslims slaaughtered it.
3.Educational Differences
The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they readily
and quickly took to the English education .The Muslims did not recieve
modern education ,which heavily affected their economic condition.
4.Language
Muslims and Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages .'The
language of Muslims was Urdu and it was written in Arabic script.On the
other hand ,Hindus spoke Hindi and it was written in Sanskrit.Even this
small difference led to a stirring conflict between the two nations.
THE POLICY OF CONFLICT
By the biginning of twenteeth 20th century,the even had taken a new turn.The Hindus and British had
joined hands to destroy the Muslims morally,socially,economically and
politically.They reseved all higher civil, judicial and military
appointments for Britishers only while Muslims were debarred from all
official positions.The Islamic educational system was replaced by
British one.Then Muslims were forced to change their religion to
Christanity and were compelled to send their children to co-educational
institutes and abandon pardha.
ATROCITIES OF CONGRESS ON MUSLIMS
After formation of Congress Ministers Muslims had to bear their
opressive and tyrannical rule.Muslims were forbidden to eat beef.Those
who sloughtered 'Mother Cow' was killed.Islam was humiliated ,prayers
and Azans were interrupted. Hindi was made the official language.In
addition to these ,they launched a scheme called "Vidya Mandir Scheme"
to convert non Hindus to Hindus.Congress clearly stated:
"India belongs to the Hindus and if Muslims wish to live in India,They should accept Hinduism."
According to Nehru three coloured flags were hoisted to prove that:
"There are only two parties in the country .The Congress and the British."
HINDU MUSLIM RIOTS
The Hindu Muslim riots increased during the Congress rule throughout
the country.The Hindus were free to make the Muslims victims of their
high handedness.The houses of Muslims were set on fire.Massacre of the
Muslims became the routine of the day.
CONCLUTION
On the basis of above mentioned factors and bitter attitude of British
and Congress the Muslims apprehended that they would lose their entity
if they remained a part of Hindu society.Therefore they quitted
Congress and demanded separate land on the ground that they were
different nation from Hindus.Accrding to Quaid-e-Azam:
"The Muslims demanded Pakistan where they can rule in accrdance with
their own system of life,their cultural development ,their traditions
and Islamic law."
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Foreign Policy of Pakistan
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
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Foreign Policy of Pakistan
INTRODUCTION
No country today can think of a life independent of other
nations.Every country has to develope relations with other countries so
as to meets its requirements in economical,industrial and technological
fields.It is thus necessary for every country to formulate a sound
foreign policy.Pakistan is an important third world country in its
developmental stage.It also has formulated her foreign policy keeping in
mind its geoghraphy ,politics and economics.
DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign Policy can be defined as :
"Relations between sovereign states.It is reflection of demestic
politics and an interraction among sovereign states.It indicates the
principles and preferences on which a country qant to establish
relations with another country."
PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY IN LIGHT OF QUAID-E-AZAM'S WORDS
The father of the nation,Quaid-e-Azam defined Foreign Policy towards other countries of the world in 1948,as follows:
" Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards
all the nations of the world.We do not cherish aggressive designs
against any country or nation.We believe in the policy of honesty and
fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to
make our outmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity
among the nations of the world.Pakistan will never be found lacking in
extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and
suppressed of the United Nations Charter."
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BASIC GOALS OF PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY
1.Maintenance of territorial integrity.
2.Maintenance of its political independence.
3.Acceleration of social and economic development.
4.Strengthening its place on the globe.
5.Keeping cordial and friendly relations with all countries.
GUIDING PRINCPLES OF PAKISTAN'S FPREIGN POLICY
Following are the principles of Pakistan's Policy:
1.Protection of freedom and soveregnity
Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices of million of Muslims
,like any other country,she also considers with deep regard the need
for preservation of its independence and does not allow any country to
harm its freedom .Therefore,the principle of protection of independence
and sovereignty is the corner stone of Pakistan's Foreign Policy.
2.Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries
Pakistan always tries to establish cordial and friendly relations with
Muslim countries.It has always moved its concern against Israel,India
and U.S.S.R capturing Palestine,Kashmir and Afghanistan
respectively.She has shouldered high responsibilities and used her
influence for safeguarding the rights of the Muslims.Pakistan is also an
active member of the Islamic Conference.
3.Non Interference in Internal Affairs of Other ountries
Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with
all countries especially its neighbouring countries,on the basis of
universally acknowledge the principle of national sovereignty,non use of
force,non-interference in the internal affairs of state.
4.Implementation of U.N Charter
Pakistan's policy is to act upon UN Charter and to support all moves
by the UN to implwmwnt it.Pakistan has been the member of UN since the
year of its birth.
5.Promotion of World Peace
Pakistan policy is to promote peace among nations.It has no aggresive
designs against any country.Neither does it support any such
action.Pakistan has always held that the international disputes should
be settled through negotiations rather than non-battlefield.
6.NON-ALIGNMENT
Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i,e to keep away from
alignment with any big power bloc and avoids taking sides in the cold
war.It has also given up its association with SEATO and CENTO and was
included in NAM in 1979.
7.Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation of Racial Discrimination
Pakistan is a staunch supporter of the right of self-determination and
has been in the fore front of efforts to eliminate colorialism.It has
advocated the right of self determination of Kashmir.
CONCLUTION
The guiding principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy are rooted in the
country's Islamic ideology,its rich cultural heritage and historical
experience.As an Islamic and non-aligned country,Pakistan supports
Islamic caouses and firmly upholds the above mentioned principles,which
hold out the promose of a just and equitable world order in which
nations can live in peace and security.
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OIC - Organization of Islamic Conference O.I.C
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
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Organization of Islamic Conference -O.I.C
INTRODUCTION
The organization of Islamic conference is the symbol of Islamic
brother hood and fraternity.It is the biggest and the most active
organization of Muslim countries.It was established in 1969 so that the
scattered strength of Muslims may be united and unity among the Muslim
countries may be strengthened.
MEETING OF THE HEADS OF THE ISLAMIC STATES
The Zionists set fire to the Holy Mosque "Al-Aqsa" on 21st August
,1969 which greatly infuriated the Muslims all over the World.Strikes
were observed throughout the Muslim world .The Muslims felt that
effective steps should be taken to protect the Muslims from the
aggression of the non-Muslim forces.Thus the Arab Foreign Ministers of
Saudi Arabia and Morocco of making arrangement to hold an Islamic Summit
Conference.After meeting in Jeddah,a seven member committee was formed
to take necessary steps for holding the Islamic Summit Conference.
SUMMIT CONFERENCES OF THE O.I.C
First Islamic Summit Conference
Date and Place
The first Islamic Summit Conference was held in Rabat (Morocco) from september 22nd to 25th in 1969.
Participants
24 heads of states participated in this conference.
Decisions
1.The incidents of burning of the Masjid Al-Aqsa was discussed.
2.Middle East situation.
3.Emphasis was laid on the need for maintaining close relations among Muslim countries.
Second Islamic Summit Conference
Date and Place
The second Islamic summit conference was held in Lahore (Pakistan) from february 22nd to 24th in 1974.
President
The Present of the Conference was Z.A.Bhutto.
Participants
40 delegations and a delegation of the Palestine Liberation Organization participated.
Decisions
Following decisions were taken in the coference.
1.Middles East problem especially Palestinians issue.
2.It was demanded that Israeli troops should be withdrawn from occupied Arab Territory.
3.A commitee was set up to find ways and means to eliminate poverty ,disease and ignorance.
4.S.S.C also set up MUslim Itehad Fund and Islamic Development Bank.
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Third Islami Summit Conference
Date and Place
The third Islamic Summit Conference was held at Taif (Saudi Arabia) in January 1981.
Participants
38 Muslim countries participated.
Decisions
1.The Conference paid special attention to the intervantion in Afghanistan ,Palestine problems,Jerusalam and Iraq war.
2.It was decided to create Islamic Center for Trade Exchange and to set up an Academy for Islamic Fiqah.
Fourth Islamic Summit Conference
Date and Place
The fourth Summit Conference was held at Casablanca (Morocco) in January ,1984.
Participants
45 Muslim countries participated.
Decisions
1.Various international problems like Iran Iraq war,Kashmir Issue,Lebanon problem etc were discussed.
2.Decisions were taken for the safeguard of the rights of the Palestine people.
3.Decisions about Egypt's re-entry in the O.I.C was also taken.
Fifth Islamic Summit Conference
Date and Place
The fifth conference was held in Kuwait in January 1987.
Participants
44 Islamic countries participated.
Decisions
As usual a few resolutions were passed and more or less the same issues were dealt with.
Sixth Islamic Summit Conference
Date and Place
This Conference was held in December 1991 at Dakar (Senegal).
Participants
45 countries participated in this Conference.
Decisions
Resolutions were passed on many problems like
Kashmir,Afghanista,Palestine etc and serious concern was also expressed
on American threat of military action against Libya.
Seventh Islamic Summit Conference
Date and place
This conference was held in Casablanca (Morocco) in December,1994.
Decisions
The President of Summit,King Hasan of Morocco,stressed the need for
strengthening Islamic Soldarity and unity of the Islamic Ummah in an
atmosphere of brother hood and concord.
The conference also expressed its determination:
"To the project the correct image of Islam reflecting the spirite of 'Ijtehad'based on the general principles of Shariah".
Benazir Bhutto said:
" Even Worse,our enemies now seek to justify aggresion against the
Muslim peoples by portraying Islam as an intolerant doctrine of
violence and terror."
CONCLUTION
All the summit conferences clearly shows that hte prime objective of
O.I.C is to promote greater harmony and co-operation amongst the Muslim
world and to protect their intrest in International system.It is also
aimed at the Islamic countries and to create co-operation amongst them
in these spheres.The O.I.C also stood for the fraternal feelings which
had existed for centuries amongst the Muslims of the World.
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Political Events From 1940 to 1947
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
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Political Events From 1940 to 1947
INTRODUCTION
The era from 1940 to 1947 is the era of rapid changes.Many important
events in the most prominent among them.In the past,the demand of
Pakistan was not raised clearly.It was due to Muslim achievements in
this period that now we are living in a sovereign and independent
state.The political events from Pakistan Resolution to the establishment
of Pakistan are summarized under:
1940
23rd March-Pakistan Resolution
The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the Hindus and the
Muslims were two separate nations.On March 23rd ,at the annual session
of Muslim League at Lahore,the famous resolution,commonly known as the
Pakistan Resolution was passed.It was presented by Maulvi Fazlul
Haq.Quiad-e-Azam said in his address:
"By all means Muslims are one nation and they need a separate
homeland where they could live their
spiritual,cultural,economical,social and political lives independently."
8th August -August Offer
It was proposed to enlarged governor general councils to include
members from political parties.War Advisory Committee was also
launched.Both league and Congress rejected the offer.
1942
12th -15th April-Civil Disobedience Movement
28th session of League was held at Madras in which a resolution was
adopted on Civil Disobedience Movement launched by Congress.
23rd March-Crisp Mission
Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India,to
discuss with Indian leaders,the future Indian Constitutions.His proposal
was rejected by both the Congress and the League.The Congress
Characterized them us "a post-dated cheque on a failing bank."Jinnah
said that if these were accepted "Muslims would become a minority in
their majority provinces as well."
8th Ugust-Quit India
Congress initiated it against British,it was "open rebellion" due to
which many people were killed League raised a slogan of "Divide and
Quite India".
1943
27th December-Action Committee
It was formed to prepare and organized Muslims of India for coming struggle for acievements of Pakistan.
1944
9th September-Gandhi Jinnah Talks
Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India,but
no fruitful results came out of it because Gandhi did not accept
Muslims as a separate nation.
"The wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the Two Nation Theory."
1945
25th June-Simla Conference
Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla.The conference failed to
achieve any purpose due to one sided attitude of Lord Wavell.In this
conference ,Quiad-e-Azam made it crystal clear that the Muslim League
can represent Muslim of India.
2nd December General Elections
Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in
1945-1946 in which Muslim League won 30 seats of central legislative
meant for Muslims and 430 seats out of 495 in the provincial legislative
.Quiad-e-Azam said on this occasion:
"I have no boubt now in the acheivement of Pakistan.The Muslims of
India told the world what they want .No power of world can topple the
opinion of 10 crore Muslims of India."
1946
24th March-Cabinet Mission
Cabinet Mission visited India in 1946 and submitted its
recommendations to the Britishers .As a result Interium Government was
formed but Congress and league couldn't co-operate amongst themselves.
8th-9th April-Delhi Convention
Quaid-e-Azam called a convention of all Muslims Leaguue members at
Delhi.At the convention every member took the pledge to under go any
danger for the attainment of national goal of Pakistan.
16th August-Direct Action Day
League withdraw its acceptance of Cabinet Mission and Direct Action
Day was observed peacefully throughout India,except in Culcutta,where
riots broke out.
1947
3rd June -3rd June Plan
Lord Mount Batten prepared the plan for transference of power
according to the wish of people.He emphasized on the partition of
country and told that it was the only solution of the Indian political
deadlock.Both League and Congress accepted the plan.
18th July-Indian Independence Act
In july ,the British parliament passed the Indian Independence act
which was enforced promptly.The Muslims of the Sub Continent finally
succeeded in carrying out an independent Islamic State for Muslims.
14th August -Transfer of Power
The transfer of power ceremony was held in Karachi.On August
15,Quaid-e-Azam was sworn in as Governer General of Pakistan and Mr.
Liaqat Ali Khan was appointed his Prime Minister.
"That was the culmination of a long struggle which the Muslims of
the South Asian Sub Continent had weged for a separate homeland in the
name of Islam."
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Role of Muslim League in the Creation of Pakistan
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
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Role of Muslim League in the Creation of Pakistan
INTRODUCTION
Anti partition agitation staged by Hindus made it clear to the Muslims
that they must have a separate political Organization.In December,1906
Muslim Leaders from all over the Sub Continent assembled in Dacca to
attend the all India Mohammadan to establish a central political
organization for Muslims called the "All India Muslim League" .The
Muslim League was established with the primary aim of the protecting the
political rights of Indian Muslims and presenting their demands and
problems before the British Government.
FOUNDATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
The success of Simla Deputation made it imperative for the Muslims of
the Sub Continent to have their own political organization .In 1906 ,the
Muslims of India founded a political party of their own known as "All
India Muslim League."
CAUSES OF MUSLIM LEAGUE'S FOUNDATION
The partition of Bengal by the British Government in 1905 greatly
embittered the relations between Hindus and Muslims.The partition
ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslim but the Hindus
reacted towards the partitions of Bengal in a hostile and violent manner
.This made it clear that the Hindus were not willing to give Muslims
their due share.This violent protest of the Hindus convinced the
educated Muslims that they could be redeemed only if they created their
own political force and their own leadership.
AIMS OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
The aims of Muslim league are given below:
1.To safe guard and protect Muslims intrests and to convey their demands to British Government.
2.To create a feeling of respect and good will in Muslim for the British Government.
3.To promote brotherhood between the different nations of India.
ROLE OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
The role played by All India Muslim League in the creation of Pakistan is summarized under:
1.Minto-Morley Reform Act -1909
The Muslims under the able leadership of the Muslim league now began to
press for the separate electorate for the Muslims.The authorities
accepted their demand in Act,called "The Minto-Morley Reform Act",in
1909.
2.Lucknow Pack-1916
In November 1916,two committees of League and Congress met at Calcutta
and drew an agreement draft of political reform for India called
"Lucknow Pact".Through this pact the Congress recognized the separate
status of Muslims.
3.Simon Commission
In 1927,Simon Commission was sent to India under the chairmanship of Sir
John Simon to settle Muslim Hindu differences.It was rejected because
there was no indian member on the commission.
4.Jinnah's Fourteen Points-1929
The Quaid-e-Azam refused to accept the Nehru-report.In order to protect
the Muslim's point of view on the political issues of South Asia,he
prepared a draft of guiding principles consisting of 14 points,popularly
known as "Jinnah's Fourteen Points."
5.Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address-1930
In 1930,in his presidential address at annual session of League at
Allahabad,Iqbal proposed the formation of a separate Muslim State by
combining Northern and South Western Muslim majority region in Sub
Continent.
6.Day of Deliverance
On 22nd December ,Muslim League observed "Deliverance Day" to thank God for resignation of Congress Ministers.
7.Pakistan Resolution -1940
The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the Hindus and Muslims
were two separate nations.On March 23rd,at the Annual session of Muslim
League at Lahore,the famous resolution ,commonly known as the Pakistan
Resolution was passed.It presented by Maulvi Fazlul Haq.Quiad-e-Azam
said in his address:
"By all means Muslims are one nation and they need a separate homeland
where they could live their spiritual ,cultural ,economical,social and
political lives independently."
8.Cripps Mission-1942
Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India,to
discuss with Indian leaders,the future Indian Constitution.His proposal
was rejected by both the Congress and the League.The Congress
characterized them as "a post-dated cheque on a failing bank" Jinnah
said that:
"If these were accepted "Muslims would become a minority in their majority provinces as well."
9.Gandhi Jinnah Talks-1944
Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India,but
no fruitful results came out of it because Gandhi did not accept Muslims
as a separate nation."
Louis Feisher wrote:
"The wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the Two Nation Theory ."
10.Simla Conference -1945
Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla.The conference failed to
achieve any purpose due to one sided attitude of Lord Wavell.In this
conference ,Quaid-e-Azam made it crystal clear that the Muslim League
can represent Muslims of India.
11.General Elections-1945-1946
Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in
1945-1946 in which Muslim League won 30 seats of central legislative
meant for Muslims and 430 seats out of 495 in the provincial
legislative.Quiad-e-Azam said on this occassion:
"I have no doubt now in the acheivement of Pakistan.The Muslims of India
told the world what they want.No power of world can topple the opinion
of 10 crore Muslims of India."
12.Cabinet Mission-1946
Cabinet Mission a visited India in 1946 and submitted its
recommendations to the Britishers.As a result Interium Government was
formed but Congress and League couldn't co-operate amongst themselves.
13.Delhi Convention-1946
Quaid-e-Azam called a convention of all the Muslim League members at
Delhi.At the convention every member took the pledge to under go any
danger for the attainment of national goal of Pakistan.
14.3rd June Plan -1947
Lord Mount Batten prepared the plan for tranference of power according
to the wish of people.He emphasized on the partition of the country and
told that it was the only solution of the Indian political deadlock.Both
League and Congress accepted the plan.
CONCLUSION
Muslim League thus got its object and Pakistan was created on 14th
August 1947.In short we can say that the creation of Pakistan is the
result of the ceaseless efforts of the Muslim League and the great
heroes which dedicated their lives for the creation of Pakistan.If there
were be no Muslim League the fate of the Muslims of the Sub Continent
could not be changed.
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Initial Difficulties at the Establishment of Pakistan
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
Initial Difficulties at the Establishment of Pakistan
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PREFACE
The emergence of Pakistan,after a long and ardous freedom movement,was
infact a great victory of the democratic idea of life.The Indian Muslims
happily and valiantly laid down their lives and properties to achieve a
destination in which they saw the fulfillment of their dreams of living
an independent life fre from Hindu or British dominance.Quaid-e-Azam on
15th August ,1947 said:
"My thoughts are with those valiant fighters in our cause who readily
sacrificed all they had,including their lives,to make Pakistan
possible."
INITIAL DIFFICULTIES OF PAKISTAN
From its very inception,Pakistan faced a large number of problems.Some of the initial difficulties were:
1.Choice of Capital and Establishment of Government
The first problem that Pakistan had to face was to choose a capital to
form a Government and to establish a secretariat,Karachi was chosen as
the capital of Pakistan.Quaid-e-Azam took the office of the Governor
General ,Liaqat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister and a Cabinet
of experienced persons was selected.Arrangements were to be made to
bring the officials who had opted for Pakistan from Delhi to Karachi.
2.Unfair Boundary Distrbution
A boundry commission was set up under a British Chairman,Sir Cyril
Redcliff.He misused his powers and handed over Muslim majority areas
like Gurdaspur,Ferozpur,Jullander to India hence providing them a
gateway to Kashmir.Quaid-e-Azam called it:
" An unjust,incomprehensible and even perverse award."
3.The Massacre of Muslim Refugees in India
On the birth of Pakistan,Hindus and Sikhs became more furious.In a
planned move,Muslim properties were set on fire and they were compelled
to leave Bharat for Pakistan with nothing but their lives.Millions of
refugees were killed before they reached Pakistan.Many migrants were
looted and had to be provided boarding immediately as they reached
Pakistan.
4.Division of Military and Finantial Assets
In order to embarrass Pakistan financially ,India did a lot of
dishonesty in the matters of Pakistan which were concerned with its
benefits.Pakistan was promised to get Rs.750 million but the Bharat
Government refused to give .Pakistan received only 200 million .Pakistan
also did not receive the due share of the military assets.This
dishonest attitude put Pakistan into great difficulties.
5.Canal Water Dispute
Most of the river flowing in Pakistan have their origin in India.In
1948,india stopped water supply to Pakistani canals to damage the
Pakistani agriculture.However on 9th September ,1960 on agreement called
"Indus Basin Treaty" was signed between the two countries.
Kashmir Dispute
Kashmir dispute is the most important and unsolved problem.Kashmir is
the natural part of Pakistan becaouse at the time of partition 85% of
the Kashmir's total population was Muslim.The Hindu dogra rule ,who was
secretly with the Govenment of Indiadeclared Kashmir as a part of
India.Pakistan has continously insisted that Kashmir must get their
right of self determination but due to non-coperation of India,Kashmir
issue still remain unsolved.
7.Constitutional Problem
The constituent assembly failed to frame a constitution even in eight
years.Lack of a permanent constitution created ,chances of unsrupulous
interference in democratic progress of Pakistan.
8.Annexation of Princely States
All Indian princely states were given the right to link up with either
of dominions.However,the fate of following states remained undecided.
Junagadh
The Muslim Nawab governing junagadh favoured in acceding to Pakistan.But
Indian Government sent Army troops towards Junagadh and occupied the
stste by force in November,1947.
Hyderabad Deccan
Hyderabad Deccan was the largest and richest state ruled by Muslim ruler
Nizam who decided to remain independent.But pressure tactics began to
be applied by Indian Government and Mount Batten .India attacked
Hyderabad on 13th September 1948 and forcibly annexed this state to
India.
9.Electrcity Problem
Due to transfer of Muslim majority areas to Bharat and unfair
demarcation,electricity system of West Punjab was disrupted ,because all
power stations were at Mundi,a predominantly Muslim majority
area,gifted to Bharat but Quiad-e-Azam said:
"If we are to exist as a nation ,we will have to face the problems with determination and force."
CONCLUTION
Pakistan came into being as a free Muslim state in quite unfavourable
circumstances .It had no resources ,it had no resources,it had to build
up its administrative machinery from a scratch.But Supreme efforts were
made by the Quiad-e-Azam and his colligues to grapple with the situation
.His golden principles "Unity " "Faith" and "Discipline" gave way to
Pakistan for a bright future of a strong and well developed country .In
his last message to the nation on 14th August 1948,he told the nation:
"The foundation of your state have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and as you can."
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Islamic Provisions of Constitution of 1973
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Islamic Provisions of Constitution of
1973
INTRODUCTION On 7th April,1972 the national assembly of Pakistan
appointed a committee to prepare a draft of the permanent constitution
of Pakistan.A bill to provide a constitution was introduced by the
committee in the Assembly on February 2,1973.The Assembly passed the
bill on 19th April,1973 and at last the constitution came into force on
14th August 1973.
The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and
preservation of Islamic Concept of life.It also attempts to propagate
and implement the basic teachings of Islam.
ISLAMIC PROVISIONS OF 1973 CONSTITUTION
The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 constitution based on the principles of Holy Quran and Sunnah.
1.Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Pakistan shall be known as "Islamic Republic of Pakistan".
2.State Religion
Islam shall be the state religion of Pakistan.
3.Sovereignty Belongs to Allah
Sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah and the
authority bestowed by him on men is a sacred trust which the people of
Pakistan will exercise with the limits prescribed by Quran and Sunnah.
4.Definition of a Muslim
The constitution also gives the definition of a Muslim.A person who
believes in Tauheed or Oneness of Allah,and in the prophet hood of
Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H) as the last prophet of Allah has described as
aMuslim.
5.A Muslim to be a President and Prime Minister
The constitution laid down that only Muslims shall be elected
president and Prime Minister of Pakistan.Non non-Muslim could hold these
offices.
6.Islamic way of life
Steps shall be given to enable the Muslims of Pakistan to order their
lives in accordance with the fundamental principles and basic concepts
of Islam.
7.Promotion of Social Justice and Eradication of Social Evils
The State shall take necessary steps for prosecution of social justice
and eradication of social evils and shall prevent
prostitution,gambling and taking of injurious
drugs,printing,publication,circulation and display of obscene literature
and advertisements.
8.Teachings of Holy Quran
The state shall try to make the teachings of Holy Quran and Islamiat
compulsory to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language.
9.Strengthing Bond,with Muslim World
The state shall endeavour to strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries in order to promote Islamic unity.
10.Council of Islamic Ideology
There is a councel of Islamic Ideology which shall guide the
government in respect of Islamic teachings,their implementation and
propagation.Its chairman and members are appointed by President.Although
its advice is not binding on the government yet it is not easy for any
government to ignore or over rule its suggestion or opinion regarding
any law.
11.Error Free Publication of Quran
The government shall endeavour to secure correct and exact printing and publishing of the Holy Quran.
12.Oath to Project and Promote Islamic Ideology
The federal and Provincial Ministers,the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of
the National and Provincial Assemblies,the chairman of the Senate and
the Governors and Chief Ministers of the Provinces also take oath to
preserve and protect the Islamic Ideology.
13.Ahmadi's A Non Muslim Minority
According to the second amendment of 1973 constitution,the Qadiani
group or the Lahori group who call themselves "Ahmadi's " were declared
as Non-Muslim minority.
CONCLUTION
The 1973 constitution enlisted the main principles of State Policy
Maximum efforts were made to improve the character of this
constitution.Like other constitutions,1973 constitution of Pakistan also
provides for the protection,propagation and enforcement of Islamic
Ideology.
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Non-Aligned Movement
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
Non-Aligned Movement
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PREAMBLE
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an important world organization of the
third world countries who do not wish to be aligned with any of the big
powers.The NAM can be defined as:
"The international forum of the people of the third World who openly
condemn and negate the lust for creating the spheres of influence by the
super powers and thus is an important and effective organ against
Colonialism and imperialism."
REASONS FOR THE FORMATIONS OF NAM
The World War ll devided the world into two power blocs.The Western bloc
being headed by U.S.A and the socialist bloc being governed by U.S.S.R.
These two super powers involved in cold war creating great problems for
the smaller nations and under developed countries.The best policy for
such states would have been to isolate themselves from the cold war of
the super powersand fully concentrate on their economic,social and
cultural uplift .NAM is an organization to help these nations to exist.
BANDUNG CONFERENCE
A meeting of those countries of the World who had no alignment with any
super was held in Bandung(Indonesia) on April 24,1955.It was held to
discuss the problems faced by Afro-Asian countries which was mainly to
avoid the "Tug of War" of the super powers.
MAIN FEATURES OF NAM OR PANJSHILA PRINCIPLES
The declared principles of NAM are:
1.Respect of Independence and Sovereignty
To respect each others sovereignty,territorial integrity and independence.
2.Avoid Aggression
To refrain from acts of aggression or use of force against any states.
3.Non interference
Non interference in others international affairs.
4.Recognization of Equality and Liberty
To recognize the equality and liberty of all the Nations.
5.Peace
Friendsmania.net
To live in a peaceful atmosphere.
OBJECTIVE OF NAM
1.To promote good will and cooperation among the Afro-Asian countries.
2.To consider social,economic and cultural problems of all participants.
3.To consider the problems like radicalism and coloniasm.
4.To access the position of Afro-Asian states and their people in the world.
SUMMIT CONFERENCES OF NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENTS
First Summit Conference
It was held at Belgrade (Yugoslavia) in 1961 in which 25 nations took
part.The rules for obtaining membership of NAM were drafted.
Second Summit Conference
It was held at Cairo(Egypt) in 1964.
Third Summit Conference
It was held at Lusaka (Zambia) in 1970.51 countries participated in this conference.
Fourth Summit Conference
It was held at Algiers (Algeria) in September 1973.In this conference the membership of Pakistan and China was opposed by India.
Fifth Summit Conference
It was held at Colombo (Srilanka) in August,1976.86 countries participated in this conference.
Opposition of radicalism and expansionism was declared .Arab cause was
supported and USA was critisized for its annexation over Vietnam and
Cuba.
Sixth Summit Conference
It was held at Havana (Cuba) on 3rd September,1979 to 9th
September,1979.Pakistan attended this meeting for first time as a member
of NAM.
Seventh Summit Conference
It was held at Delhi (India) in March 1983.101 countries participated in
this conference.Arab cause,Palestine War,South African and Namibian
struggle were discussed.USA was criticized for assisting Israel.
Eighth Summit Conference
It was held at Harare (Zimbabwe) on 1st September 1986.Afghanistan
Problem,Iran Iraq War,Palestine and Namibian issue were discussed.
Ninth Summit Conference
It was held at Belgrade (Yugoslavia) on 4th September,1989.
PAKISTAN -AS THE MEMBER OF NAM
Pakistan joined NAM in 1979 although it participated actively in the 1st
Conference and attende the 5th conference as an observer.This was due
to the fact that Pakistan was a member of SEATO and CENTO .Pakistan got
rid of these organizations after the war with India(1965) and the
debacle of East Pakistan (1971) when the sponsors of SEATO and CENTO did
not came to help it.
Today, Pakistan participates actively in the programs of NAM and
advocates affectively the problems relating to its member
countries.Pakistan placed the case of foreign interference in
Afghanistan in the Session of the 7th conference and was able to get
most of the members confirm Pakistan stand on the problem and its
equitable solution.
CONCLUTION
The NAM re-affirmed the inalienable right of all states to apply and
develop their programs for peaceful uses of nuclear energy for economic
and social developement.
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Salient Features of Pakistani Culture
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
Salient Features of Pakistani Culture
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DEFINITION OF CULTURE
Culture may be defined as behaviour perculiar to human beings,together
with material objects used.Culture consists of
language,ideas,beliefs,customs,codes,institution,t
ools,techniques,works of arts,ceremonies and so on.According to Allama
Iqbal:
"Culture encompasses all the mental,Spiritual and Physical activities of
a Nation.It includes the basic beliefs and faith,values and literature
,aart and architecture,music and mode of dress,manners and customs
prevalent in a given Society."
PAKISTANI CULTURE IS A ISLAMIC CULTURE
Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State.Its very existence is due to
Islam,so the Pakistani culture is primarily based on the Islamic way of
life.All other ingredients of culture are inspired by Islam.Pakistani
culture is highlighted by its grandeur,simplicity,firm convictions and
noble deeds and ideas.
SALIENT FEATURES OF PAKISTANI CULTURE
The main characteristics of Pakistani culture are as follows:
1.Religious Uniformity
Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life
based on Islam.The people ,in spite of some differences of
languages,customs and traditions commonly follow one religion of
Islam.This is the religion,which is practiced by all people of Pakistan.
2.Language
A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan.Some of them are
Punjabi,Sindhi,Pushto and Baluchi.But Urdu is spoken and understand in
all parts of Pakistan.Being the official language,it is the media of
communication between all regions of Pakistan.
3.Literatur and Poetry
Literature is an important aspects of our cultural life.Most of our
poets reflect Islamic code and trend in their poetry.They gave the
message of love and brotherhood.Simlarity of thoughts amongst poets and
writers of all regions is an important factor of our cultural life.
4.Dress and Diet
Dress is an important manifestation of culture.The regional dresses of
Pakistan under go changes in the light of local traditions,economic
conditions,way of living and wealth in the region.But in all provinces
people generally wear Shalwar Qameez.
Our eating habits,foods and social etquette are stricktly in conformity with Islamic principles.
5.Mixed Culture
Pakistani culture is a mixed culture although majority of people are
Muslims by birth and faith .But there is great influence of Hindu and
British culture on the present Pakistani society.
6.Male Dominated Society
In Pakistani culture the male member of the family enjoys the key
position.Family is headed by a male member and in most cases,he is the
soul sources of income for other members of the family.
7.Arts and Architecture
The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in
the use of elwgant designs,based on geometric figures and floral forms
borrowed from nature.The Shah Jahan Masjid,Shalimar Garden,Badshahi
Masjid,Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a living proof of
the exellent Mughal architecture.
8.Handicrafts
Embroidery,Leather works,glazed pottery,wood work,carpet making,metal
crafts,ivory are the essential parts of our culture.Pakistani craftsmen
are considered as the best in their craftsmanship.They are known for the
high quality works which is very popular in foreign countries.
9.Recreational Activities-Sports
The recreational activities all over the Pakistan are common.The games
like wrestling,hockey ,cricket,football,squash,Kabaddi etc are popular
in every part of our country.These games reflect our cultural identity.
10.Education
Education contributes a great deal in developing national
character.Educational system plays a vital role in the formation of
culture,unity and solidarity of a nation.it is,therefore,important that
the entire syllabi right from the lower to higher level should be placed
in accordance with the ideology of Pakistan.
11.Religious Festivals
Festivals play an important part of our culture.Eid-ul-Fitr and
Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals .They are celebrated
with great happiness throughout the country.
12.Ulema,Mushaikh and Sufi Poets
Ulema,Mashaikh and Sufi Poets occupy an honoured place in our cultural
aspect of life.Sufis like Lal Shahbaz,Data Ganj Baksh,Shah Abdul
Lateef,Sachal Sarmast,Hazrat Sultan Bahu and Waris Shah rendered
meritorious services for the spread of Islam in the Sub Continent.
CONCLUTION
Culture which includes religion,literature
art,architecture,dresses,music,manners and customs has its roots in the
Islamic culture.Islam has described the rights and duties of every
individual.Even in drinking,eating and dressing,we have to observe
certain rules prescribed by Islam.So it may be said that Pakistani
culture represents the true picture of Islamic culture.
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Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam
INTRODUCTION
In 1928,an All Parties Conference was convened to solve the
constitutional problems of India.A committee was set up under Pandit Lal
Nehru.That committee prepared a report which is known as "Nehru
Report".This report demanded "Dominion Status" for India.Separate
electorates were refused and the reservation of seats for the Muslims of
Bengal and Punjab was rejected.In this report,not a single demand of
the Muslims was upheld.
Since Nehru Report was the last word from Hindus therefore Mr.Jinnah was
authorized to draft in concise term the basis of any future
constitution that was to be devised for India.Originally these demands
were Fourteen in number and so they popularly came to be known as
"Jinnah's Fourteen Points".
In March 1929 ,at the annual session of All india Muslim league,he declared his famous fourteen points.
JINNAH'S FOURTEEN POINTS -1929
1.Federal System
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary powers rested in the provinces.
2.Provincial Autonomy
A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
3.Representation of Minorities
All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be
constituted on the definite principles of adequate and effective
representation of minorities in every province without reducing the
majority in any province to a minority or even equality.
4.Number of Muslim Representative
In the central legislative ,Muslims representative shall be not less than one -third.
5.Separate Electorates
Representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means of
separate electorates as at present provided it shall be open to any
community,at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of
joint electorate.
6.Muslim Majority Provinces
Any territorial re-distribution that might at any time be necessary
shall not in any way,effect the Muslim majority in Punjab,Bengal and
N.W.F.P.
7.Religious Liberty
Full religious Liberty,liberty of belief,worship and
observance,association and education shall be guaranted to all the
communication.
8.Three-Fourth Representation
No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any other
elected body if three-fourths of the members of any community in that
particular body oppose such a bill.
9.Separation of Sind
Sind should be separated from Bombay Presidency.
10.Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan
Reforms should be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces.
11.Government Services
Muslims should be given adequate share along with other Indians in the services of State.
12.Protection of Muslim's culture and Language
The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection of Muslim culture,language,religion and civilization.
13.One-Third Muslim Ministers
No cabinet,either central or provincial be formed.Without being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim Ministers.
14.Constitution
No change shall be made in the constitution of state except with the concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation.
The reasonable and moderate demands contained in the fourteen
points,were rejected by the Hindus leaders which considerably widened
the gulf between the two communities.
IMPORTANCE OF JINNAH'S FOURTEEN POINTS
A comparison of the Nehru Report with the quaid-e-Azam's Fourteen Points
shows that the political gap between the Muslims and the Hindus had
really widened.Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam became principles for
Muslims of India.These points made it clear to Hindus and British
Government that Muslims of India.Those points made it clear to Hindus
and British Government that Muslims wanted their own identity without
influence by Hindus.Fourteen Points not only revived Muslim League but
also directed them on a new way.These points prepared the Muslims of
India for a bold step to struggle for freedom.
The importance of these points can be judged by the fact that these points were presented in the Round Table Conference of 1930.
As a result,these points became the demands of the Muslims and greatly
influenced the Muslims thinking for the next two decaded till the
establishment of Pakistan in 1947.
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Two nation theory
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
TWO NATION THEORY
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Meaning of Two Nation Theory
The Two Nation Theory in its simplest way means the
cultural,political,religious,economic and social dissimilarities between
the two major communities.Hindus and Muslims of the Sub Continent.These
difference of out look ,in fact,were greatly instrumental in giving
rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the
partition of India into two independent states.
THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN
The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of
Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate
Nations.They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget
their individual cultures and civilization.Al-Beruni recorded his ideas
in 1001 A.D in his famous book "Kitab-ul-Hind" as:
"The Hindus society maintained this peculiar character over the
centuries.The two socities,Hindus and Muslims,like two streams have
sometimes touched but never merged,each following its separate course."
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent
into two Nations.Let us examine each of them separately.
1.Religious Differences
The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions.Islam preaches
Tawheed (oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before
law.Muslims are the believers of God,The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) the Holy
Book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towards life.
Hinduism,on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple
Gods.Their society follows a caste system and is divided into four
classes and have a very narrow approach towards life.
2.Hindu Nationalism
A number of Hindu nationalist movements,which emerged from time to time
in the Indian history ,added fuel to the fire by playing up the tension
and antagonism which already existed between the two communities.
The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution
made by the Muslims in the indian society by way of promoting education
and other social activities.Their writings and ideas flared up the
communal discord between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the
political condition.
3.Cultural Differences
Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build
culture.The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslims burred
them.Hindus considered the 'Mother cow' as a sacred animal and worshiped
it while Muslims slaughtered it.they performed 'sati' while Muslims
abhorred this tradition .The Hindus and Muslims did not intermarry nor
they inter-dine.
4.Social Differences
The two communities of the Sub Continent differ in their social life as
well.The clothes,the foods,the household utensils,the layout of
homes,the words of salutation,the gestures and every thing about them
was different and immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.
5.Economics Differences
After 1857,the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were
framed in such a way so as to determent the Muslim condition .They were
thrown out of Government services and the their estates and properties
were confiscated,while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities
to progress economically.
6.Educational Differences
The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly
and readily took the english education.While Muslims did not receive
modern education which heavily affected their economic conditions.
7.Political Differences
The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an
important role in the developement and evolution of Two Nation Theory.
(i) Hindi Urdu Controversy
In 1867,Hindus demande that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script
instead of Persian script.This created another gap between Hindus and
Muslims.
(ii) Congress Attitude
The Indian national Congress was founded in 1885.It claimed to represent
all communities of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported
the Hindus.
(iii) Partition of Bengal
In 1905,the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits
for the Muslims,but the Hindus launched an agitation against the
partition and partition was annulled in 1911.
8.Language
The Muslimsand Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages .The
language of the former was Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script.On
the other hand ,the Hindi language was spoken by Hindus and it was
written in Sanskrit.Urdu and Hindi language had the difference in
writing,thoughts of poetry,arts,painting and words of music.Even this
small difference lead to a stirring conflict between the two nations.
Sir syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,the pioneer of two nation theory,used the word 'two
nation' for Hindus and Muslims after being concinced of the Hindus and
Congress hatred,hostility and prejudice for the Muslims.
The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which
was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.He considered all those lived in
India as one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim
unity.Speaking at the meeting of Indian Association he said:
"I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them
as my own eyes.By the word 'Nation' I mean only Hindus and Muslims and
nothing else,We,Hindus and Muslims live together on the same soil under
the same government.Our intrests and problems are common,and therfore,I
consider the two factions as one nation."
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did his best to make the Muslims realize their
differences ewith the Hindus with regard to religions,social and
language national and international identity and for this purpose he
diverted attention of the Indian Muslims towards a new idea of "Two
Nation" or "Two entities."
After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for
Hindus and Muslims to progress as a single nation.He said:
" I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one
nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from each
other."
TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA IQBAL
Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of
separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory.He firmly believed
in the separate identity of the Muslims as a nation and suggested that
there would be no possibility of peace in the country unless and untill
they were recognized as a nation.In the annual session of Muslim League
at Allahabad in 1930,he said:
"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages
and professing different religions...I,therefore,demand the formation of
a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of the Muslims of
India and Islam."
QUAID-E-AZAM'S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION THEORY
The most clear and emphatic exposition is found in Jinnah's statement
and speeches.He expounded the two nation theory in such detail that most
Muslims and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth.He declared:
" Muslims are not a minority,They are one nation by every definition of
the word nation.By all canons of international law we are a nation."
Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a
common nationality was on idle dream.They are a totally different nation
.They have an unbridgeable gulf between them and they stand miles apart
in regards to their ideals,culture and religion.In 1973,he said:
"Hindustan is neither one country,nor its inhabitants one nation.This is
Sub Continent which consist of many nations of which the Hindus and
Muslims are two major nations."
CONCLUTION
The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they
remained a part of Hindu society.They also came to realize the above
mentioned differences between them and the Hindus and hence demanded
separate electorate on the ground that they were different nation from
Hindus.
Hence it is right to say that this theory i.e two nation theory is the
basis of the creation of Pakistan because without this as a
base,Pakistan would not come into being on 14th August ,1947,and we
would not be breathing freely in this open air of Pakistan.
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Pakistan Resolution
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
Pakistan Resolution
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PREAMBLE
Pakistan Resolution was the turning point in the history of Pakistan.It
provides a way to the Muslims,leading to the destination of a complete
independence.
ATTITUDE OF HINDUS
Hindus clearly stated that they would not tolerate another community in India by saying:
"India belong to the Hindus and if Muslims wish to live in India,they should Hinduism."
The Hindus tried to destroy Muslim identity by introducing Hindi as a medium of education.
CONGRESS OPERATION
The congress neglected the Muslim in every field and supported the
Hindus.It did not recognize Muslim as a considerable party in India.In
his address Nehru stated that: "There are only two parties in the
country,the congress and the british." According of Quaid-e-Azam :
"The sole aim and object of the congress is to annihilate every other organization in the country."
PARTITION PROPOSALS
By 1937,the political conditions of Sub Continent compelled the Muslim
political leaders to seriously consider the partition of India.The idea
of Indian partition was not a new one,a number of partition proposals
had been forwarded previously by many Muslim leaders like Syed Ahmed
Shaheed,Mohammad Abdul Qadir,Allama Iqbal,Syed Jamal Uddin Afghani,Abdul
Halim Sharar e.t.c.
PROPOSAL GIVEN BY ALLAMA IQBAL
The most reasonable proposal was given by Allama Iqbal.The
poet,philospher,while delivering his presidential address at the annual
session of the Muslim League at Allahbad in December 1930 said:
"India is a continent of Human Beings belonging to different languages
,having different religion,therefore,I demand the formation of separate
Muslim State for the Muslims of India."
CHAUDRY REHMAT ALI'S SCHEME
Chaudry Rehmat Ali proposed his scheme of partition of India.He declared:
"North of India is Muslim and we shall keep it Muslim.Not only that ,we will make it a Muslim State....?"
He coined the word "Pakistan" in which 'P' stands for Punjab,'A' stands
for Afghanistan,(N.W.F.P) 'K' for Kashmir ,'S' for Sindh and 'tan'
stands for Baluchistan.The word Pakistan means "The land of Pure".
THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
In 1940,the annual session of Muslim League was held at Lahore in Minto
Park (Iqbal Park).Under the chairmanship of Quaid-e-Azam and a
resolution was passed on 23rd March,1940.The Resolution was moved by
Bengal Chief Minister Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Chaudry
Khaliq-uz-Zaman.It stated that:
"No Constitution plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to
Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic
principles,viz,that geographically contigous units are democrated into
regions which should be so constituted,with such territorial adjustment
as may necessary,that the areas in which Muslims are numerically in
majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India,should be
grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units
shall be autonomous and sovereign...adequate,effective and mandatory
safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution for
minorities for the protection of their religion
,cultural,economic,political,administrative and other rights."
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS OF QUAID-E-AZAM
The Quaid-e-Azam delivered a historic address at this moment
highlighting the distinct national character of the Muslims of India.He
said:
"Musalmans are not a minority at is commonly known and understood.One
has only got to look around even today,According to the British map of
India,out of 11 provinces,4 provinces where the Muslims dominate more or
less are functioning not with standing the decision of the Congress
High Command to non cooperate and prepare fore civi disobedience
.Musalmans are nation according to any definition of a nation and they
must have their homelands,their territory and their state.We wish to
live in peace and harmony with our neighbours as a free and independent
people.We wish our people to develope to the fullest our
spritual,cultural,economic,social and political life in a way that we
think best and in consonance with our own ideals and according to the
genius of our people."
MUSLIMS ACCEPTANCE AND HINDUS REJECTION OF THE RESOLUTION
The Resolution was unanimously accepted by the Muslims who had assembled
the meeting plan in a large number.The Hindu readers and newspaper
raise a hue and cry after the Resolution.They refused it and referred to
the partition as "Vivesection of Motherland".
Gandhi said that :
"Dividing India was like dividing a cow."
Quaid-e-Azam warned the Hindus that:
"If the Hindus tried to get the whole of India they would loose the
whole,but if they gave one-third to the Muslims they would get
two-thirds."
IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
The Pakistan Resolution is a land mark in the history of the Muslims of
India.This famous Resolution results in the creation of Pakistan.The
acceptance of Pakistan Resolution strengthned the Two Nation Theory
which was the basis of Muslim struggle for Independence.
CONCLUTION
Pakistan Resolution was a demand for the protection and safeguard of the
national identity of the Muslims.With the passage of Pakistan
Resolution,the Muslims began to acquire new hope and confidence in their
destiny.The Resolution infused high spirits among the Muslims who were
now determined to fight to the last minute for the accomplishment of
Pakistan.
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Ideology of Pakistan
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
Ideology of Pakistan
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DEFINITION OF IDEOLOGY
Science of ideas,visionary speculations,manner of thinking
,characteristic of a class or individual,ideas on the basis of some
economic,social or political theory or system is called Ideology.It
contains those ideals,which a nation strives to accomplish in order to
bring stability to its nationhood.Defining ideology ,George Lewis says:
"Ideology is a plan or program which is based upon philosphy".
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is an Ideological state and the ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic ideology.Its basic princple being:
"The only sovereigner is Allah".
Islam acted as a nation building force before the establishment of
Pakistan.Ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a
state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to
the faith and creed based on the Islamic principles.They should have all
the resources at the disposal to enhence Islamic culture and
civilization.Quid-e-Azam once said:
"Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam".
From the above statement ,it is clear that Ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic one.
TWO NATION CONCEPT
The fundamental concept of Ideology is that Muslims should get a
separate identity.They should have a separate state where they could
live according to Islamic rules and principles ,profess their religion
freely and safeguard Islamic tradition .On one occation Quid-e-Azam
said:
"The Muslims demand Pakistan where they can rule in accordance with
their own system of life ,their cultural development ,their traditions
and Islamic laws."
Thus,this fundamental concept of Ideology led to the concept of two
nations in the Sub Continent and resulted in the formation of Pakistan.
FACTORS CREATING THE IDEA OF A SEPARATE HOMELAND
Ideology of Pakistan was created when Muslims of Indo-Pak Sub Continent
developed a specific atitude of mind that they are different from
Hindus.This was due to the injstices done to the Muslims by British and
Hindus.Some of these are:
1.Anti Muslim Campaign
Friendsmania.net
The Hindus and British joined hands to destroy the faith,belief,costoms
and national importance of Muslims because Muslims rebillion was
creating much problem for both.
2.Inacceptance of British Rule
Muslims had been ruling the Sub Continent for ages.Therefore,they could
not resist any power over them,When Britsh came to rule the Sub
Continent ,Muslims were the only nation who opposed them.Thus,in order
to gain power,British had to crush the Muslims collectivity.
3.Hindus Betrayed Muslims
In the beginning ,Hindus appeaared to be on Muslim's side,but later on
their hostility was exposed as they opposed various steps taken by
British Government which purely benefited for Muslims.
4.Refusal of Muslim identity
British wanted to implement parliamentary system in Sub Continent in
which the majority was the power and authority.Due to Hindu majority it
was probablethat if British left India undivided,it would fall under the
Hindus rule.Further more ,Hindus did not accept the separate identity
of Muslims and thus,there were no chances of freedom even after the
British rule.
5.War of 1857
In 1857,Muslims and Hindus tried to expel the British out of India but
failed .Later due to Hindu conspiracies,Muslims were held responsible
for it and hence were crushed further by Britishers.
6.Sir Syed's Idea
Sir Syed for the first time put down the idea that Muslims are a
separate nation.He convinced Muslims to unite themselves in order to
have a separate social and political identity.
BASIC POINTS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
1.Muslims are different Hindus in every aspects,their culture ,civilization,customs and religion all are entirely different.
2.The Muslims need a free state for protection of their separate where
they can live in accordance with their faith,belief and follow the
Islamic codes.
IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY IN NATIONAL LIFE
Ideology is a motivating force for a nation,which is striving hard to
bring stability and homogeneity to its nation hood.Its provide the
binding force to the scattered groups in a societyand bring them close
to each other on a common platform.Ideologies impel their adherence to
follow a joint linked action for the accomplishment of their
goal.Ideologies give shape to the revolutions and create new cultures
and civilizations.They stress on their adherents to insist on the
realization of their ideal throught total transformation of society.An
urgent agreement with each other on the ideals is most vital
pre-requisite of an ideology.
CONCLUTION
The fundamental concept of ideology of Pakistan is that Muslims are a
separate nation having their own culture,literature ,religion and way of
life.They cannot be merged in any other nation.They should be able to
develop their culture and religious traditions in an Islamic State and
they should be able to create a true Islamic society for themselves.
Thus the ideology of Pakistan which developed through the period of
Mohammad Bin Qasim and others and followed by political leaders like
Quid-e-Azam was materialized in 1947.
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May 16, 2014
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Role of Allama Iqbal in The Creation of Pakistan
2nd Year Pakistan Studies Notes
Role of Allama Iqbal in The Creation of Pakistan
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Prelude
Allama Mohammad Iqbal was born on 9th November 1877 in Sialkot. After
seeking early education, he was admitted to Government College Lahore,
where he obtained M.A. degree in Philosophy. He left for England for
higher studies in 1905. In 1907, he obtained the Degree of Doctorate
(Ph.D.) from Munich University.
Iqbal's Role in Pakistan Movement
Following are some key areas where Allam Iqbal's role led to Pakistan's creation.
Iqbal's Idea about Nationhood
Allama Iqbal was the greatest philospher and poet of the present era.
Alongwith this, he possessed a view about political affairs. He awakened
the feeling of Muslim Nationhood among the Muslims of India through his
poetry and told them about the propaganda of West about Muslims.
When the Hindu philosphers presented this philosphy that a nation is
born throughout the country and when Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madni
seconded it, then Iqbal reacted strongly towards it. His thinking and
poetry reflect the Two Nation Theory and his poetry awakened the feeling
of Islamic nationality among the Muslims of India. This sense of a
single unity was a major factor in the creation of Pakistan.
Iqbal's Political Life
Allama Iqbal made his debut in politics when he was elected as the
member of Punjab's Legislative Assembly in 1926. During the elections of
1937, when Quaid-e-Azam started the reconstruction of the Muslim
Leaague, Allama Iqbal stood besides him. He not only supported
Quaid-e-Azam and the Muslim League wholeheartedly, but he also respected
Quaid-e-Azam's point of view.
Iqbal and Two Nation Theory
Allama Iqbal firmly believed that the Muslims of India have a separate
identity and to protect this identity, the establishment of a separate
homeland for the Muslims of India was necessary. On 28th March 1909, he
rejected the invitation from the secular party "Minswa Lodge"
highligting the fact that:
"I have been a keen supporter of this theory that religious differences
in this country should end and even now I practise this principle. But,
now I have started to believe that separate national identity for the
Muslims and the Hindus is necessary for their survival."
In 1930, in the Annual Session of Muslim League at Allahbad, Iqbal said:
"India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races,
speaking different languages and professing different religions. Their
behaviour is not at all determined by a common race conciousness. I
therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the
best intrest of India and Islam."
Pakistan's Sketch
Allama Iqbal's Presidential Adress at Allahbad in 1930 determined the
political path of the Muslims of sub-continent. In his adress, he in
clear words said:
"I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan been combined into a single state".
He further stated that:
"The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears
to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of the north west
India."
Thus, Iqbal demanded a sovereign independent Muslim state even before the Muslim League demanded it in Pakistan's Resolution.
Ideology of Pakistan and Iqbal
Iqbal was strictly against nationalism. He considered all the Muslims to
be a part of One Ummah. For him, a Muslim in any part of the world was
part of a brotherly relation. He considered nationalism to be a coffin
for the Muslim Umma.
Thus, highlighting the limitations and disadvantages of nationalism,
Iqbal gave the philosphy of a "Millat-e-Islamia" and this philosphy
became the basis of Pakistan's ideology.
Conclusion
In short, the personality of Allama Iqbal has left indelible marks in
history. He tried to awaken the Muslims of India through his philosphy,
poetry and politics. He gave the idea of independence to the Muslims of
India. Iqbal died on 21st April, 1938. He was buried infront of the
"Badshahi Mosque" in "Huzori Bagh."
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